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Najmuddin Kubra
Najmuddīn-e Kubrā ((ペルシア語:نجمالدین کبری)) or Najm al-Din Kubra, (Shaykh Abū al-Jannāb Ahmad ibn ‘Umar) was a 13th-century Persian Sufi from Khwarezmia, the founder of the Kubrawiyya or Kubraviyah Sufi order, influential in the Ilkhanid and Timurid. His method, exemplary of a "golden age" of Sufi metaphysics, was related to the Illuminationism of Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi as well as to Rumi's Shams Tabrizi.〔Henry Corbin, "''History of Islamic Philosophy''" and "''En Islam Iranien''".〕 Kubra was born in 540/1145 and died in 618/1221.〔See Algar, Hamid, the Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill〕
== Biography ==
Born in 540/1145, in Konye-Urgench, al-din Kubra began his career as a scholar of hadith and kalam. His interest in Sufism began in Egypt where he became a murid of Shaykh Ruzbihan Baghli Shirazi, who was an initiate of the Oveisy order. After years of study, he abandoned his exploration of the religious sciences and devoted himself entirely to the Sufi way of life. Sufi shaikh Zia-Al-Din-'Ammar Bītlīsî was Kubra's teacher, who tried to present Sufi thought in a new way to provide contemplation and influence for the reader. After receiving his khirka, Kubra gained a large following of gnostics and writers on Sufism. Because his followers are predominantly Sufi writers and gnostics, Kubra was given the title "manufacturer of saints" and his order was named the Kubraviyah.〔 Kubra's main body of works concerns the analysis of the visionary experience. He wrote numerous important works discussing the visionary experience, including a Sufi commentary on the Qu'ran that he was unable to complete due to his death in 618/1221. Kubra died during the Mongol conquest and genocide after refusing to leave his city, where he fought in hand-to-hand combat against the Mongols.〔 Overall, Kubra is remembered as a pioneer of the Sufi tradition and explanation of spiritual visionary experiences. Kubra's work spread throughout the Middle East and Central Asia where it flourished for many years, until it gradually was taken over by other similar more popular ideologies and Sufi leaders.
Another version of his death was narrated by Tarikh-e-Soheili ""The master was old and half blind but he refused the grant of Mongols for his own life only and asked the invaders to leave, when the Mongols entered the city he was standing in the main square and had stones in his lap while throwing them on Mongols"
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